Topics
Agent Reward Hacking
How autonomous AI agents exploit poorly secured evaluation infrastructure, and what zero-trust testing pipelines look like.
Autoencoders
From deterministic autoencoders to variational and vector-quantised models, and the gradient-estimation tricks (reparameterisation, Gumbel-Softmax, REINFORCE) that make them trainable.
Bayesian View on Regularization
Understanding ridge and lasso regularization through Bayesian priors and maximum a posteriori estimation.
Classical Interpretability Techniques
A survey of classical and model-agnostic techniques for understanding how machine learning models make predictions.
Gradient Descent
Iterative first-order optimisation algorithm for differentiable loss functions.
Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture
An introduction to how JEPA learns by predicting latent representations, with examples from I-JEPA and action-conditioned world models.
Linear Regression
Fitting a linear model to data using least squares optimisation.
Neural Networks
Multi-layer parametric function approximators trained via backpropagation.
PEFT
Parameter-efficient fine-tuning — adapt large models on a single GPU by freezing the base weights and training a small delta.
Probability And Bayesian Inference
the bayesian perspective of things
Q-Learning
Model-free reinforcement learning algorithm that learns optimal action-value functions.
Recurrent State Space Models (RSSM)
An introduction to recurrent state-space models, their training objective, and their evolution through PlaNet, Dreamer, MuDreamer, and R2-Dreamer.
State Space Models for Sequence Modelling
An introduction to state space models, their continuous and discrete forms, recurrent and convolutional representations, HiPPO, S4, S5, and Mamba.
Support Vector Machines
Maximum-margin classifiers using kernel methods for non-linear decision boundaries.
Transformers
Self-attention-based sequence models that power modern LLMs and vision models.
Why you should care about PPO
why did ppo become the goat
World Models
Learned environment models that let agents predict, plan, and learn from imagined futures.
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